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654.17 --- 654.197 --- Cable television --- -Decision making --- -Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Cable TV --- CATV --- Community antenna television --- Television, Cable --- Subscription television --- Television broadcasting --- Television relay systems --- Public-access television --- Facsimile and television transmission (point to point) --- Facsimile and television broadcasting --- Law and legislation --- -Case studies --- Decision making --- Case studies. --- -Facsimile and television transmission (point to point) --- 654.197 Facsimile and television broadcasting --- 654.17 Facsimile and television transmission (point to point) --- -654.197 Facsimile and television broadcasting --- Deciding --- Case studies

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Hospital death rates vary markedly, even for the same disease. The authors studied a representative sample of 1,126 congestive heart failure patients and 1,150 acute myocardial infarction patients in hospitals with unexpectedly high disease-specific death rates (targeted hospitals) vs. all other (untargeted) hospitals in California, Illinois, Minnesota, and New York, using both inpatient deaths and deaths within 30 days of admission. Death rates in targeted hospitals were 5.0 to 10.9 higher per 100 admissions than in untargeted hospitals. However, 56 to 82 percent of the excess could result from random binomial variation, even if all hospitals provided the same quality of care to the same age/sex/race mix of patients. The authors measured severity of illness and quality of care using detailed medical records abstracts; at the individual patient level, higher severity and lower quality were both associated with higher probability of death. However, they found only small and insignificant differences in quality between targeted and untargeted hospitals; even at a 95 percent confidence bound on the estimated difference in quality, quality differences could explain only 0.3 or fewer of the excess deaths per 100 admissions in targeted hospitals. Severity differences were also small for hospitals treating congestive heart failure patients. For myocardial infarction patients, however, severity differences explained up to 2.8 excess deaths per 100 admissions in targeted hospitals. There is some evidence that targeting hospitals with consistently high death rates over periods longer than one year may better identify potential quality problems.

Hospital patients --- Congestive heart failure --- Myocardial infarction --- Health Insurance for Aged and Disabled, Title 18. --- Hospitalization. --- Mortality --- Quality of Health Care --- Severity of Illness Index. --- Mortality --- Mortality --- Mortality

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Clinical indications --- Surgical indications --- Health Services --- Evaluation. --- Evaluation. --- utilization

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This study reports an initial analysis of changes in relative peak electricity consumption for almost 4,000 industrial and commercial customers in ten U.S. utilities with time-of-day (TOD) rates now in effect. Relative peak loads declined about one percentage point on average when TOD rates were introduced. A small fraction of customers reduced their peak loads substantially, but most customers (including commercial customers as a whole) have apparently not as yet changed their consumption patterns in response to TOD rates. Average changes in load differ significantly by utility, industry, and year, and those changes are statistically related to the terms of the TOD rates that customers faced. Changes in load, while small in percentage terms, are large enough to justify TOD rates on a benefit/cost evaluation. Welfare gains average over $1,000 per year per customer, against a metering cost of approximately $65 per year when new meters are needed to monitor TOD rates.

Electric utilities --- Rates --- Time-of-use pricing.